Hybrid CoE Strategic Analysis 24: Ambiguity in hybrid warfare

Ambiguity is an integral component of hybrid warfare, yet it remains an elusive concept. A closer examination of the concept reveals why the tactical application of ambiguous force has been superseded by strategic-level hybrid warfare. In this Strategic Analysis, Professor Andrew Mumford argues that the key aim of ambiguity is not necessarily to hide the true actor behind the activity, but ultimately to stymie a legitimate response.